Authors
1
Anbar University/ College of Education for Human Sciences/ Department of Educational and Psychological Sciences
2
University of Anbar College of Education for Humanities Department of Educational and Psychological Sciences
,
Document Type : Research Paper
Abstract
The study aims to identify the relationship between Counter-Reality Thinking and social anxiety among a sample of students in Anbar University. It also aims to investigate the differences in Counter-Reality Thinking and social anxiety according to gender variable (Male - Female) and specialization (Scientific - Humanities). The researchers used a descriptive correlation method. The sample of the current study consisted of (430) male and female students from the University of Anbar. The researchers adopted the Counter-Reality Thinking scale prepared by Mark Rye and others consisting of 15 items and also developed a social anxiety scale, which consists of 43 items distributed into six aspects. Results of the study revealed that there is a high and statistically significant scores in Counter-Reality Thinking and social anxiety scores, there are differences in the social anxiety variable between male and female students, in favour of males, there are differences in the Counter-Reality Thinking variable based on the specialization and in favour of the scientific specialization, there are differences in the Counter-Reality Thinking variable between male and female students and in favour of males, there are differences in the variable of social anxiety according to the variable of specialization and in favour of humanities specialization, and there is a positive correlation between the Counter-Reality Thinking and social anxiety
- AbdALAll, Tahyia Mohamed Ahmed and Mazloum, Mustafa Ali Ramadan (2013). Enjoying life in relation to some positive personality variables "a study in positive psychology"
- Abdul Majeed, Hisham Sayed (2019), Measurement Foundations and Methods in Research and Practice in Social Work, Dar Al Masirah Publishing House, Amman
- Afram, A., & Kashdan, T. B. (2015). Coping with rejection concerns in romantic relationships: An experimental investigation of social anxiety and risk regulation. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science
- Al Zamili, Ali Abd Jassim and Al Sarmi, Abd bin Muhammad and Kazem Ali Mahdi (2009) Concepts and Applications in Educational Evaluation and Measurement, Al Falah Bookshop for Publishing and Distribution, Amman: Jordan
- Al-Bayati, Abdul-Jabbar Tawfiq, and Athanasius, Zakaria (1977), Descriptive and Inferential Statistics in Education and Psychology, Workers' Culture Foundation Press, Baghdad.
- ALImam, Mustafa Mahmoud and others, (1990), Evaluation and Measurement, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, University of Baghdad, Iraq.
- Al-Issawy, Abd Al-Rahman Muhammad (1985). Measurement and Experimentation in Psychology and Education. Dar Al-Ma'arifa Aljamieya, Alexandria, Egypt
- Allam, Salah El-Din Mahmoud (2000), Educational and Psychological Measurement and Evaluation: Basics, Applications and Contemporary Directions, Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi
- Allam, Salah El-Din Mahmoud (2006), Educational and Psychological Tests and Measurements (1st Edition), Jordan, Dar Al-Fikr for Publishing and Distribution
- Allam, Salah El-Din Mahmoud (2014), Educational and Psychological Tests and Measurements (4th Edition), Dar Al-Fikr for Publishing and Distribution, Amman: Jordan
- Al-Sabaawi, Hanaa Jassim (2010) The reality of counseling at the University of Mosul a field study
- Al-Salhi, Hassanein Amir Shetel (2013), thinking contrary to the truth among decision-makers with its maximum and persuasive limits, a published master's thesis, University of Baghdad, Iraq: Baghdad
- American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th edn.). Washington, DC: Author
- Bahr,Imtethal khudhier (2009): Self-control and its relationship to social anxiety and academic achievement among students of teacher preparation institutes, unpublished master's thesis, College of Education / Ibn Rushd, University of Baghdad
- Clarck,D.M.,Wells,A.(1995): A Cognitive Model of Social Phobia.(IN)R.G. Basic Books, New York
- David, M., Clark,D.M.,(2001): A Cognitive Perspective on Social Phobia, Chapter.18
- Ebel R.L. (1972): Esseentials of Education measurement, New Jersey, Engewood Cliffs prebtice - Hill
- Eid, Muhammad (2000), a study of the basic manifestations of social anxiety and its relationship to the variables of gender and specialization for a sample of young people. Journal of the College of Education and Psychology
- Elkind, d.(2005): Audience anxiety behavior in children and adolescents, Developmental Psychology,15,38-44
- Epstude, K. Roese, N. (2008). The Functional theory of Counterfactual thinking. Personality and Social psychology Review.12(2):168.
- Ferguson, George, A. (1991). Statistical analysis in education and psychology. Translated by: Hana Al-Aqili, Al-Mustansiriya University, Dar Al-Hikma for printing and publishing
- German, Tim P.,&, Nichols, Shaun.(2003): Children's counterfactual inferences about long and short causal chains
- Hafner, Rebecca J., White, Mathew P.,&, Handley, Simon J. (2012): Spoilt for choice: The role of counterfactual thinking in the excess choice and reversibility paradoxes, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,Vol. 48,pp. 28-36
- Hoffman, S. G., & Bitran, S. (2007). Sensory-processing sensitivity in social anxiety disorder: Relationship to harm avoidance and diagnostic subtypes. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21.
- Holden, R. R. et al (1985). Structured Personality Test Item: Characteristics and Validity, Journal Research in Personality, Vol. 19, PP.386-394
- Huang, Wen-Hsien,&, Zeelenberg, Marcel.(2012): Investor regret: The role of expectation in comparing what is to what
- Jennifer, M ( 2015) :Counterfactual Thinking and Repetitive Thought in Social Anxiety , Doctor of Philosophy In the program of Psychology, presented to Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Kray, Laura J., George, Linda G., Liljenquist, Katie A.,Galinsky , Adam D., Tetlock, Philip E.,&, Roese, Neal J.(2010): From What Might Have Been to What Must Have Been:counterfactual Thinking Creates Meaning, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Mandel,David R.(2005):Counterfactuals, emotions, and context, Cognition and Emotion,Vol.17,No.1,pp.139-159
- Markman, Keith D., McMullen, Matthew N., Elizaga, Ronald A.,&, Mizoguchi, Nobuko.(2006): Counterfactual thinking and regulatory fit, Judgment and Decision Making, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 98-107
- McCrea, Sean M.(2008): Self-Handicapping, Excuse Making, and Counterfactual Thinking: Consequences for Self-Esteem and Future Motivation, Journal of Personality and
- Melhem, Sami Muhammad (2005) Measurement and Evaluation in Education and Psychology (3rd edition), Dar Al-Maysarah for Publishing, Distribution and Printing, Amman
- Melhim, Sami Muhammad, (2000), Measurement and Evaluation in Education and Psychology, Dar Al Masirah, Amman
- Melhim, Sami Muhammad, (2002), Measurement and Evaluation in Education and Psychology (2nd Edition), Dar Al Masirah for Publishing, Distribution and Printing, Amman: Jordan
- Mills, Jeffrey, and Peter Erasian (2012), Educational Research Competencies for Analysis and Applications, Translated by: Salah El-DinMahmoudAllam,DarAl-Fikr for Publishing and Distribution, Amman: Jordan
- Morries, Charless.(1983): Shyness and Social Anxiety August:56-75
- Myers,Andrea L.(2009): Can the performance effects of upward counterfactual thoughts be attributed to effort mobilization?, Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Science University of Konstanz, Mathematics and Natural Sciences Section, Department of Psychology
- Odeh, Ahmed Salman and Al-Khalili, Khalil Youssef. (1998). Statistics for the Researcher in Education and Human Sciences. Amman: Al-Fikr Library
- Odeh, Ahmed Suleiman (2002), Measurement and Evaluation in the Teaching Process, Faculty of Educational Sciences, Fifth Edition, Yarmouk University
- Odeh, Ahmed Suleiman and Malkawi, Fathi Hassan (1998), Fundamentals of Scientific Research in Education and Human Sciences, 1st edition, Jordan, Al-Manar Library
- Olson, J. M., Oswald Buhrmann, O. & Roese, N. J. (2000). Comparing comparisons: An integrative perspective on social comparison and counterfactual thinking. In J. Suls & L. Wheeler (Eds.), Handbook of social comparison: Theory and research (pp. 379-399). Springer Science & Business Media.
- Ostheimer, Vanessa Geraldine.(2012): The influence of other persons and different situations on counterfactual thinking Inaugural to obtain the academic doctoral degree (Dr. phil.)in Psychology at the Faculty of Behavioural and Cultural Studies, Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg
- Roese, N. J. (2004). Twisted Pair: Counterfactual Thinking and the Hindsight Bias. In D. J. Koehler & N. Harvey (Eds.), Blackwell Handbook of Judgment and Decision Making (pp. 258-273). John Wiley & Sons.
- Roese, N. J., Hur, T., & Pennington, G. L. (1999). counterfactual thinking and regulatory focus: Implications for action versus inaction and sufficiency versus necessity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,Vol. 77,pp. 1109-1120
- Roese, Neal J., & , Summerville, Amy .(2005) : What We Regret Most … and Why , Pers Soc Psychol Bull , Vol.31, No , 9 , pp.1273-1285
- Roese, Neal. J. (1994). The functional basis of counterfactual thinking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,Vol, 66 ,pp. 805-818
- Roese,Neal.J.(2009): the psychology of counterfactual thinking , historical social reaearch ,Vol.34 , No.2,pp.16-26
- Rye, Mark S., Cahoon, Melissa B., Ali, Rahan S.,& Daftary, Tarika.(2008): Development and Validation of the Counterfactual Thinking for Negative Events Scale, Journal
- Shawaheen, Khair Suleiman (2018), Modern Trends in Educational Measurement and Evaluation, Modern World of Books, Irbid, Jordan
- Van Hoeck, Nicole., Ma, Ning., Ampe, Lisa., Baetens, Kris., Vandekerckhove, Marie.,&, Van Overwalle, Frank. (2012): Counterfactual Thinking: An fMRI Study on Changing the Past for a Better Future.